欠发达地区农村“收入倍增计划”实践路径浅析

"收入倍增计划"是党的"十八大"所提出的目标,即"到2020年实现国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入比2010年翻一番"的宏伟目标。作为欠发达的农村地区,怎样实现"收入倍增计划"这一目标是一项艰巨而重大的历史课题。文章以"立足基层、用活政策、激发活力、服务农民"为宗旨,研究其经济现状和发展潜力,探析未来发展新路径,在找准难题中破解难题,为欠发达地区农村实现"收入倍增计划"目标提供理论和实践参考,具有重大的社会价值和现实意义。     

多层胶合板热压传热特性

为了研究多层胶合板热压过程中各胶层温度随时间的变化规律，进行了热压传热试验。结果表明，单板层数是影响胶合板热压传热传质的重要因素。多层胶合板坯中心胶层升温速率随着板坯层数的增加而显著下降，单板层数从3层增加到9层，中心胶层到达胶黏剂固化温度的时间增加了383％。在慢速升温阶段，板坯中心胶层的水分汽化温度随着板坯层数的增加而有所降低。     

胚胎冻融技术及其在我国肉羊产业中的应用

胚胎冻融技术可使胚胎移植不受时间、地点的限制，从而达到提高胚胎移植效率的目的，研究和优化胚胎冻融技术对胚胎移植工程的发展具有重要的意义。主要对胚胎冻融技术的原理、特点及其在肉羊产业中的应用情况进行了综述，旨在阐明胚胎冻融技术对我国肉羊产业发展的重要作用。     

双源热压机传热分析及输送管道结构设计

利用ANSYS有限元软件对单源载热体(导热油加热,水冷却)和双源载热体(热油和蒸汽同时加热,冷油和水同时冷却)的热压板孔道结构分别进行传热仿真分析,得到相应的温度分布云图及热压板温度随时间的变化曲线.传热仿真分析结果显示,在同样条件下用双源载热体把热压板加热到140℃所用的时间比单源载热体少200 s,双源载热体加热热压板板面最大温差1.2℃;双源载热体冷却所用的时间比单源载热体少330 s,板面最大温差2.6℃.表明采用双源载热体产品可达到优等品的生产要求.同时设计了与双源载热体相适应的载热体输送管道结构.     

Effects of forage type and gibberellic acid on nitrate leaching losses

Nitrogen (N) leaching from soil into water is a significant concern for intensively grazed forage‐based systems because it can cause a decline in water quality and is a risk to human health. Urine patches from grazing animals are the main source of this N. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect that forage type and gibberellic acid (GA) application had on N leaching and herbage N uptake from urine patches on perennial ryegrass–white clover (RGWC), Italian ryegrass and lucerne. A lysimeter study was conducted over 17 months to measure herbage growth, N uptake and N loss to water beneath each of the three forage types with the following treatments: control, urine (700 kg N/ha) and urine with GA (8 g GA active ingredient/ha). Compared with RGWC (205 kg N/ha), N leaching losses were 35.3% lower from Italian ryegrass (133 kg N/ha) and 98.5% higher from lucerne (407 kg N/ha). These differences in leaching loss are likely to be due to winter plant growth and N uptake. During the winter months, Italian ryegrass had higher N uptake, whereas lucerne had lower N uptake, compared with RGWC. The application of GA had no effect on N leaching losses, DM yield or N uptake of forage treated with 700 kg N/ha urine.     

外源氮添加对湿地土壤N_2O排放量的影响

为搞清湿地土壤驱动N2O排放的关键氮源类型,有效减少湿地N2O的排放,本文通过室内控制温湿度,用气相色谱法分析不同外源氮素对湿地N2O排放的影响。结果表明:外加氮源组总是高于对照组N2O排放量(4.4 mg·m-3)。在设定的剂量范围内,单独添加尿素或尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合时N2O排放量呈现先增后减的单峰分布趋势,峰值分别为10.6 mg·m-3和229.0 mg·m-3;单独添加硝酸铵时N2O排放量(32.6~111.0 mg·m-3)随着氮素添加量增加呈现持续上升趋势。单独添加尿素或硝酸铵、尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合均促进N2O的排放,但硝酸铵尿素混合添加对N2O排放量的贡献单独添加硝酸铵单独添加尿素。这为预测内蒙古高原区农牧交错带湿地氮素输入可能带来的温室效应和有效减排提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of Brix Refractometry for the Estimation of Colostrum Quality in Jennies

Donkey placenta does not allow the passage of immunoglobulins; thus, foals are born hypogammaglobulinemic and an adequate intake of high-quality colostrum in the first 24 hours of life is crucial for the surviving. The study aims to assess the relation between colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration evaluated by the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test and the Brix refractometer in donkeys to establish a cutoff value for high quality of colostrum based on Brix refractometry. Colostrum was collected at foaling, and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after foaling from the left and the right half of nine Amiata jennies. A total of 72 colostrum samples were analyzed. A Friedman test with a Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons was used for assessing the differences between the left and right half at each sampling time. No differences were found between the left and right halves; the average value was used to analyze the effect of sampling time on the IgG concentrations and Brix values. The relationship between colostrum IgG concentrations (SRID test) versus Brix value and Brix value versus time was analyzed using two different mixed linear models. A strong statistically significant relation has been found between IgG concentrations and Brix values (R² = 0.84). The relation between IgG concentrations and Brix refractometer showed a cutoff point of 17% Brix score for the identification of high-quality colostrum. The Brix value (%) decreased continuously from 16.29 by 0.29 × hour. Jennies’ and donkey foals’ management may be greatly improved using this simple and cheap device.     

呼和浩特市土地利用变化分析

利用栅格数据以及Arcgis10.3软件,对呼和浩特市2000—2015年间的土地利用状况通过转移矩阵进行分析。结果表明2000—2015年间各个地类面积由大到小分别是草地、未利用土地、林地、农地、湿地、灌木林地、城乡居民地和水域。草地、城乡居民地、林地为面积增加地类,增加的面积为1000 km^2、2900 km^2、2000 km^2;减少的地类为灌木林地、农地、未利用土地、湿地、水域,减少的面积为200 km^2、1400 km^2、2600 km^2、1400 km^2、300 km^2。     

11份玉米自交系单株产量等性状的配合力与遗传参数研究

旨在研究玉米自交系单株产量等性状的配合力、遗传力及反交效应,为玉米自交系的选育和杂交种的组配提供依据。以11份玉米自交系为试材,按Griffing Ⅲ完全双列杂交法组配110个组合,观测杂交种的单株产量、株高、穗位高、雄穗分支数、雄穗主轴长、抽丝期和开花期等7个性状的表型数据,并对上述性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、广义遗传力、狭义遗传力和反交效应进行估算。供试材料除雄穗主轴长的特殊配合力差异不显著外,其余性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力差异均达到极显著水平。JZ3和JZ6两个自交系单株产量的一般配合力为极显著正值,两对组合JZ9×JZ2和JZ2×JZ9、JZ6×JZ3和JZ3×JZ6的单株产量具有最大的正向SCA效应值,分别为40.68 g和35.24 g。单株产量的反交效应差异极显著,部分自交系的反交效应方差较大。7个性状的广义遗传力从大到小依次为,雄穗分支数、株高、开花期、穗位高、抽丝期、单株产量和雄穗主轴长;狭义遗传力从大到小依次为,雄穗分支数、株高、穗位高、开花期、雄穗主轴长、抽丝期和单株产量。试验结果表明单株产量性状的显性遗传方差占比最大,狭义遗传力最小,易受环境条件的影响,对该性状的选择适宜在晚代进行;单株产量性状具有显著的反交效应,故部分自交系需严格控制正反交方式。     

In-field management of corn cob and residue mix: Effect on soil greenhouse gas emissions

In-field management practices of corn cob and residue mix (CRM) as a feedstock source for ethanol production can have potential effects on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CRM piles, storage in-field, and subsequent removal on soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The study was conducted in 2010–2012 at the Iowa State University, Agronomy Research Farm located near Ames, Iowa (42.0°′N; 93.8°′W). The soil type at the site is Canisteo silty clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Endoaquolls). The treatments for CRM consisted of control (no CRM applied and no residue removed after harvest), early spring complete removal (CR) of CRM after application of 7.5 cm depth of CRM in the fall, 2.5 cm, and 7.5 cm depth of CRM over two tillage systems of no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and three N rates (0, 180, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹) of 32% liquid UAN (NH₄NO₃) in a randomized complete block design with split–split arrangements. The findings of the study suggest that soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions were affected by tillage, CRM treatments, and N rates. Most N₂O and CO₂ emissions peaks occurred as soil moisture or temperature increased with increase precipitation or air temperature. However, soil CO₂ emissions were increased as the CRM amount increased. On the other hand, soil N₂O emissions increased with high level of CRM as N rate increased. Also, it was observed that NT with 7.5 cm CRM produced higher CO₂ emissions in drought condition as compared to CT. Additionally, no differences in N₂O emissions were observed due to tillage system. In general, dry soil conditions caused a reduction in both CO₂ and N₂O emissions across all tillage, CRM treatments, and N rates.